The proposed research seeks to engage all these issues, in a concrete regional setting, through a deep, longitudinal study of the socio-cultural processes that, in conjunction with existing circumstances, lead to the development of local level inequalities under the effects of contrasting large-scale, capital projects. At the same time, ethnographic analysis of these conjunctures-more or less as a matter of postmodernist principle-has favoured mid-level theory and a moral critique of capitalism’s adverse effects. The proliferating linkages entailed by globalization have produced conjunctures that make it ever more apparent that capital is global, while resources, labour power and the administrative institutions that regulate them are not. This general state of affairs poses significant analytical questions to contemporary anthropology and its foundational commitment to ethnographic detail, even in the most conjunctural of local settings. This association is also apparent to holder of the view, strongly held in some circles, that TNCs, far from being a problem, could be a key part of the solution to poverty. This association gives rise to vexing moral issues and to political questions that challenge policy-makers, for it exists alongside the economic necessity to increase mineral production, as world demand increases. While the precise mechanisms underlying the resource curse are controversial, there is no doubt that extractive industries have been associated with socially significant inequality at local, regional, national and international levels. Today, with "corporate social res ponsibility", it is also of concern to transnational corporations (TNCs). The idea of a "resource curse," whereby resource abundance generates social inequality and injustice, has caused much discussion in academic and political circles. The book shows that these memories of past violence form sites of negotiation and cultural innovation, and thus violence comes to constitute a central part of Amazonian sociality, identity, and memory. As Amazonian forms of social memory merge with constructions of masculinity and other intercultural processes, the Waorani absorb missionaries, oil development, and logging depredations into their legacy of revenge killings and narratives of victimhood. The book explores how popular imagery of Amazonian violence has become part of Waorani social memory in oral histories, folklore performances, and indigenous political activism. This book examines contemporary violence in the context of political and economic processes that transcend local events. It also added to the myth of the violent Amazon created by colonial writers and still found in academia and the state development agendas across the region. The event cemented the Waorani's reputation as “wild Amazonian Indians” in the eyes of the outside world. In 1956, a group of Waorani men killed five North American missionaries in Ecuador. Ģ Pacification as Strategic Interaction of Indigenous Groups and State Actorsģ The Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa (1830–1910)Ĥ The Eastern Highlands of New Guinea (1930–1965)Ħ The Lobi in French West Africa (1897–1940)ħ The Naga in British North-East India (1830–1890)ġ0 Conclusion: Comparing Configurations and Processes of Pacification This volume’s comparison finds that pacification is more successful and more durable where state actors mainly focus on selective incentives for local groups to renounce warfare, offer protection, and only as a last resort use moderate repression, combined with the quick establishment of effective institutions for peaceful conflict settlement. In this way, indigenous groups, in interaction with state actors, strongly shaped the character of the process of pacification. Incentives given to local groups sometimes played a more important role in ending warfare than repression. State actors often had to make concessions or form alliances with indigenous groups in order to pursue their goals. Indigenous groups usually had options in deciding between accepting and resisting state control. It shows that pacification cannot be understood solely as a unilateral imposition of state control but needs to be approached as the result of specific interactions between state actors and non-state local groups. This book compares such processes of pacification leading to the end of tribal warfare in seven societies from all over the world between the 19th and 21st centuries. All over the world and throughout millennia, states have attempted to subjugate, control and dominate non-state populations and to end their wars.
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